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Álvar Fáñez

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Álvar Fáñez
A statue of Álvar Fáñez by Joaquín Lucarini
Died1114
NationalityLeonese
Occupationmilitary leader

Álvar Fáñez (or Háñez; died 1114) was a Leonese nobleman and military leader under Alfonso VI of León and Castile, becoming the nearly independent ruler of Toledo under Queen Urraca. He became the subject of legend, being transformed by the Poema de Mio Cid, Spain's national epic, into Álvar Fáñez Minaya, a loyal vassal and commander under Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, El Cid, during the latter's exile and his conquest of Valencia.

Family

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Álvar derived from the same Castilian noble stock that produced El Cid and is called his "sobrinus" (nephew or more general younger male kinsman) in a contemporary document.[1] He married Mayor Pérez, a daughter of count Pedro Ansúrez of the powerful Beni Gómez clan, and had by her (it would seem) two daughters: Eilo who married successively counts Rodrigo Fernández de Castro and then in 1146/8, as his third wife, Ramiro Fróilaz; and Urraca, who married count Rodrigo Vélaz.[2]

Courtier and General

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Álvar was at the royal court at least from 1076 (the last time he and El Cid appear together).[3] In 1086, Alfonso sent Álvar to Valencia in order to place his candidate, al-Qadir, on the throne. This was accomplished with ease, although Fáñez would have to return when al-Qadir was besieged months later.[4] Alfonso recalled Álvar's troops later that year to take part in what would be a defeat at the Battle of Sagrajas.[5] In 1091, he led a relief force that was defeated at Almodóvar.[6] By the mid-1090s, he had been placed in an essentially independent command of the eastern defenses of the Kingdom of Toledo, spanning from his father-in-law's military command at the city itself to that of his kinsman El Cid at Valencia. He also began to appear more frequently in royal documents.[7] In 1097, he joined Alfonso's army on the campaign that was to lead to a pair of defeats, of the main army under Alfonso near Consuegra, and of a flanking army under Fáñez in the Cuenca district.[8] Two years later, he appears as Alcalde of Toledo.[9]

He was present in 1108 at the disastrous Battle of Uclés, escaping with a group of horsemen from an envelopment that claimed most of the Castilian army. Seven less fortunate counts and over a thousand men were killed or captured and beheaded, with the infante Sancho, the heir to the throne, being killed while trying to escape. Álvar fled north to organize the defenses along the Tagus.[10] The next year he attended Queen Urraca on her succession, signing himself dux toletule (Duke of Toledo).[11] By mid-1111, he was, in effect, Toledo's ruler, and in 1113 he gave his consent (as toletani principis) to a royal donation there.[12] As such he played a primary role in resisting the Murâbits.[13] He also held Zorita, appearing in a donation as Albar Fannez de Zorita in early 1114.[14] Fáñez died in mid-April 1114 defending Urraca's rule against rebelling Segovians.[15]

Poema de Mio Cid

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The 'Torreón de Álvar Fáñez' in Guadalajara.

Álvar Fáñez, called Minaya, passed quickly into one of the heroic legends of the era, being a main character in Poema de Mio Cid. There, he is transformed from his historical role as loyal vassal and general of Alfonso VI to a similar role in the retinue of El Cid, often given military command when Cid splits his forces, and accompanying him during his exile, particularly in the campaign that made his uncle lord of Valencia (this in spite of historical records that show he remained in the kingdom of Leon/Castile at the time) and serving as his envoy to the royal court. He is a paragon of loyalty, not only being true to his uncle El Cid, but also unwavering in his defense of his kinsmen, El Cid's rivals, the Infantes de Carrión, a conflict perhaps based on the historical antagonism between El Cid and Álvar's father-in-law Pedro Ansúrez, uncle of the Infantes.[16] Of particular note, he is credited with the reconquest of Guadalajara, Spain, where a Moorish tower, the Torreón de Álvar Fáñez, is named after him.

References

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  1. ^ Kaplan, "Friend 'of' Foe", p. 154
  2. ^ Barton, The Aristocracy, pp. 230, 288; Salazar Acha, Jaime de (1985). "Una familia de la Alta Edad Media: Los Vela y su realedad histórica", Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos, Madrid:Associación Española de Estudios Genealogicos y Heraldicos, vol. I, pp. 19-60; Salazar Acha, Jaime de (1991). "El linaje Castellano de Castro en el Siglo XII: Considerationes e hipótesis sobre su origen", Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, vol. 1, pp. 33-68
  3. ^ Kaplan, "Friend 'of' Foe", p. 154
  4. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, p. 176
  5. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, pp. 181, 188
  6. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, p. 223
  7. ^ Reilly, Urraca, p. 19
  8. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, pp. 285, 287
  9. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, p. 293
  10. ^ Reilly, Alfonso VI, p. 349-350
  11. ^ Reilly, Urraca, p. 57
  12. ^ Reilly, Urraca, p. 90
  13. ^ Reilly, Urraca, p. 93
  14. ^ Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, p. 209
  15. ^ Reilly, Urraca, p. 97
  16. ^ Kaplan, "Friend 'of' Foe"

Sources

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  • Barton, Simon (1997). The Aristocracy in Twelfth-century León and Castile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Barton, Simon and Richard A. Fletcher (2000). The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest. Manchester: Manchester University Press
  • Kaplan, Gregory B. (2005). "Friend 'of' Foe: The Divided Loyalty of Álvar Fáñez in the Poema de Mio Cid", Under the Influence: Questioning the Comparative in Medieval Castile, Cynthia Robinson and Leyla Rouhi, eds., Leyden, The Netherlands: Koninklejke NV, pp. 153–170.
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (1989). The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (1982). "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109-1126" Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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