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Karakalpakstan

Coordinates: 43°02′N 58°52′E / 43.04°N 58.86°E / 43.04; 58.86
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"Qaraqalpaqstan" redirects here. For the town, see Qaraqalpaqstan (town).

Republic of Karakalpakstan
Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası / Қарақалпақстан Республикасы (Karakalpak)
Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi / Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси (Uzbek)
Autonomous republic
Flag of Republic of Karakalpakstan
Flag
Official seal of Republic of Karakalpakstan
Emblem
Motto: 
Jayxun jaģasında ósken bayterek (Karakalpak)
Jayxun yoqasida o’sgan boyterak (Uzbek)
Anthem: Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasınıń Mámleketlik Gimni (Karakalpak)
Qoraqalpog’iston Respublikasining Madhiyasi (Uzbek)
"State Anthem of the Republic of Karakalpakstan"
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan
Sovereign stateUzbekistan
CapitalNukus
Official languages
Ethnic groups
(2021[1])
Religion
Islam
Government
Amanbai Orynbaev
Farkhat Ermanov
LegislatureSupreme Council of Karakalpakstan
Area
• Total
166,590 km2 (64,320 sq mi)
Population
• 2024[2] estimate
2,015,000
• Density
12.06/km2 (31.2/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
15.2 Bln $
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
4.5 Bln $ (12)
HDI (2022).725
high
Time zoneUTC+5:00 (Uzbekistan Standard Time)
ISO 3166 codeUZ-QR
Websitehttps//Karakalpakstan.uz

Karakalpakstan,[a] officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan,[b] is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It spans the northwestern portion of Uzbekistan. Its capital is Nukus (Nókis / Нөкис). Karakalpakstan has an area of 166,590 km2 (64,320 sq mi),[3] and has a population of about 2 million people. Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarazm, which in classical Persian literature was known as Kāt (کات).

The name Karakalpakstan means "land of the Karakalpaks". Although most Karakalpaks reside in Uzbekistan, Karakalpak culture and language are closer to those of the Kazakhs and Noghais.[4]

History

[edit]
Ancient fortress of Kyzyl-Kala (1st–4th century AD), under restoration (2018)

From about 500 BC to 500 AD, the region of what is now Karakalpakstan was a thriving agricultural area supported by extensive irrigation.[5] It was strategically important territory and fiercely contested, as is seen by the more than 50 Khorezm fortresses which were constructed here. The Karakalpak people, who used to be nomadic herders and fishers, were first recorded by foreigners in the 16th century.[6] Karakalpakstan was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Khanate of Khiva in 1873.[7]

Under Soviet rule, it was an autonomous area within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic before becoming part of Uzbekistan in 1936 as the Karakalpak ASSR.[8]

The region was probably at its most prosperous in the 1960s and 1970s, when irrigation from the Amu Darya was being expanded.[citation needed] However, the evaporation of the Aral Sea has made Karakalpakstan one of Uzbekistan's poorest regions.[6]

The region is suffering from extensive drought, partly due to climate patterns, but also largely because the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers are mostly diverted in the eastern parts of Uzbekistan. Crop failures have deprived about 48,000 people of their main source of income and shortages of potable water have created a surge of infectious diseases.[9]

Geography

[edit]

Karakalpakstan is now mostly desert and is located in western Uzbekistan near the Aral Sea, in the lowest part of the Amu Darya basin.[10][9][11] It has an area of 164,900 km2[12] and is surrounded by desert. The Kyzyl Kum Desert is located to the east and the Karakum Desert is located to the south. A rocky plateau extends west to the Caspian Sea.[5]

Politics

[edit]

Autonomous status

[edit]

Its predecessor, the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was an autonomous republic in the Soviet Union until its incorporation into the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1932. The Republic of Karakalpakstan maintained its predecessor's formal sovereignty, even after the independence of Uzbekistan in 1990.[13] Karakalpakstan shares veto power with Uzbekistan over decisions concerning its affairs. According to the constitution, relations between Karakalpakstan and Uzbekistan are "regulated by treaties and agreements" and any disputes are "settled by way of reconciliation". Its right to secede is limited by the veto power of Uzbekistan's legislature over any decision to secede.[12] Article 89, chapter XVII, Constitution of Uzbekistan, provides that: "The Republic of Karakalpakstan shall have the right to secede from the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of a nationwide referendum held by the people of Karakalpakstan."[14][15]

In July 2022, large protests broke out in the region over a proposed constitutional change which would strip Karakalpakstan of its autonomy.[16][17] The proposed change was later scrapped in response to the demonstrations.[18]

Leadership

[edit]

The head of the republic is the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Karakalpakstan or parliament (known as the "President of the Republic" from 1991 to 1992). The head of the government is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Karakalpakstan.

One of the deputy chairmen of the Senate of the Oliy Majlis is a representative of Karakalpakstan as per the constitution.

Demographics

[edit]

On 1 July 2023, the population of Karakalpakstan was 1,986.9 thousand people. It increased of 1.2% compared to the corresponding period of 2022. The number of women (989.1 thousand) slightly exceeded the number of men (997.8 thousand). There were slightly more people living in rural areas (1,015.5 thousand) than in urban areas (971.4 thousand).[19]

In 2007, it was estimated that about 400,000 of the population are of the Karakalpak ethnic group, 400,000 are Uzbeks and 300,000 are Kazakhs.[6] Though 95% of Karakalpaks reside in Uzbekistan,[20] mostly in Karakalpakstan, the Karakalpak language is closer to Kazakh than to Uzbek.[21] The language was written in a modified Cyrillic in Soviet times and has been written in the Latin alphabet since 1996.

Other than the capital Nukus, major cities include Xojeli, Taqiyatas, Shimbay, Qońirat (Kungrad) and Moynaq.

The crude birth rate is 2.2%: approximately 39,400 children were born in 2017. Nearly 8,400 people died in the same period. The crude death rate is 0.47%. The natural growth rate is 31,000, or 1.72%.

The median age was 27.7 years old in 2017, which is younger than the rest of Uzbekistan (median age of 28.5 countrywide). Men are 27.1 years old, while women are 28.2 years old.

Dynamics of the number and ethnic composition of the population of Karakalpakstan according to the All-Union censuses of 1926–1989:

Nationality 1926  (people) % 1939  (people) % 1959  (people) % 1970  (people) % 1979  (people) % 1989  (people) %
Total 304 539 100.00% 469 702 100.00% 510 101 100.00% 702 264 100.00% 905 500 100.00% 1 212 207 100.00%
Uzbeks 84 099 27.62% 116 054 24.71% 146 783 28.78% 212 597 30.27% 285 400 31.52% 397 826 32.82%
Karakalpaks 116 125 38.13% 158 615 33.77% 155 999 30.58% 217 505 30.97% 281 809 31.12% 389 146 32.10%
Kazakhs 85 782 28.17% 129 677 27.61% 133 844 26.24% 186 038 26.49% 243 926 26.94% 318 739 26.29%
Turkmens 9686 3.18% 23 259 4.95% 29 225 5.73% 37 547 5.35% 48 655 5.37% 60 244 4.97%
Russians 4924 1.62% 24 969 5.32% 22 966 4.50% 25 165 3.58% 21 287 2.35% 19 846 1.64%
Koreans 7347 1.56% 9956 1.95% 8958 1.28% 8081 0.89% 9174 0.76%
Tatars 884 0.29% 4162 0.89% 6177 1.21% 7619 1.08% 7617 0.84% 7767 0.64%
Ukrainians 621 0.20% 3130 0.67% 2201 0.43% 2316 0.33% 2005 0.22% 2271 0.19%
Bashkirs 29 0.01% 381 0.08% 571 0.11% 854 0.12% 920 0.10% 1090 0.09%
Kyrgyz 277 0.09% 181 0.04% 177 0.03% 400 0.06% 1955 0.22% 867 0.07%
Moldovans 10 0.00% 16 0.00% 57 0.01% 343 0.04% 632 0.05%
Belarusians 30 0.01% 214 0.05% 328 0.06% 517 0.07% 852 0.09% 567 0.05%
other 2072 0.68% 1697 0.36% 1874 0.37% 2691 0.38% 2650 0.29% 4038 0.33%
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1979 904,315—    
1989 1,214,000+2.99%
2000 1,503,000+1.96%
2010 1,632,000+0.83%
2020 1,898,351+1.52%
Source: Citypopulation[22]

Economy

[edit]
Cotton picking near Kyzyl-Kala

The economy of the region used to be heavily dependent on fisheries in the Aral Sea. It is now supported by cotton, rice, and fruits, such as plums, pears, grapes, and apricots, in addition to all kinds of melons. Hydroelectric power comes from a large Soviet-built station on the Amu Darya, which was once heavily populated and supported extensive irrigation based agriculture for thousands of years. Under the Khorezm, the area attained considerable power and prosperity.

However, climate change over the centuries, accelerated by human induced evaporation of the Aral Sea in the late 20th century has created a desolate scene in the region. The ancient oases of rivers, lakes, reed marshes, forests and farms are drying up and being poisoned by wind-borne salt and by fertilizer and pesticide residues from the dried bed of the Aral Sea. Summer temperatures have risen by 10 °C (18 °F) and winter temperatures have decreased by 10 °C (18 °F). The rates of incidence of anemia, respiratory diseases and other health problems has risen dramatically.[23]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Districts of Karakalpakstan
Largest cities of Karakalpakstan

The autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan consists of 16 districts (listed below) and one district-level city: Nukus (number 1 on map).[3]

№ District name District capital
2 Amiwdárya district Mańģit
3 Beruniy district Beruniy
4 Bozataw district Bozataw
15 Shimbay district Shimbay
17 Ellikqala district Bostan
7 Kegeyli district Kegeyli
9 Moynaq district Moynaq
10 Nókis district Aqmańg'it
5 Qanlikól district Qanlikól
8 Qońirat district Qońirat
6 Qaraózek district Qaraózek
16 Shomanay district Shomanay
11 Taqiyatas district Taqiyatas
12 Taxtakópir district Taxtakópir
13 Tórtkúl district Tórtkúl
14 Xojeli district Xojeli

Taqiyatas district was created in 2017 from part of Xojeli district.[24] Bozataw district was created in September 2019 from parts of the Kegeyli district and the Shimbay district.[25]

There are 12 cities (Nókis, Mańģit, Beruniy, Xaliqabat, Qońirat, Moynaq, Taqiyatas, Tórtkúl, Xojeli, Shimbay, Shomanay, Bostan) and 26 urban-type settlements in Karakalpakstan.[3][26]

Media

[edit]

Journalism

[edit]

Journalists can face intimidation in the region, for example Lola Kallikhanova has been questioned by police, and prosecuted.[27] This treatment of Kallikhanova and other journalists was condemned by the Coalition for Women in Journalism.[28]

Radio

[edit]

In 2009, the first radio station of Karakalpakstan was opened, in Nukus. Named 'Nukus FM,' the station broadcasts on radio frequency 100.4 MHz.[citation needed]

Television

[edit]

Qaraqalpaqstan tеlеvideniesi is an Uzbek television channel that broadcasts to the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan. The channel airs programming in four languages, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian.[29]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqistan / Қарақалпақстан
    • Uzbek: Qoraqalpogʻiston / Қорақалпоғистон
  2. ^
    • Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası / Қарақалпақстан Республикасы
    • Uzbek: Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi / Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence". Open Data Portal. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  2. ^ "Demographic Situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan" (PDF). Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining maʼmuriy-hududiy boʻlinishi" [Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Uzbekistan] (in Uzbek). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022.
  4. ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Kara-Kalpak". glottolog.org. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b Bolton, Roy (2009). Russian Orientalism: Central Asia and the Caucasus. Sphinx Fine Art. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-907200-00-7. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Mayhew, Bradley (2007). Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan. Lonely Planet. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-74104-614-4. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  7. ^ Richardson, David; Richardson, Sue (2012). Qaraqalpaqs of the Aral Delta. Prestel Verlag. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-7913-4738-7.
  8. ^ Europa Publications Limited (2002). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 536. ISBN 1-85743-137-5. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  9. ^ a b Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. (2005). Warlords rising: confronting violent non-state actors. Lexington Books. pp. 30, 147–148. ISBN 0-7391-1190-6. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  10. ^ Batalden, Stephen K.; Batalden, Sandra L. (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 0-89774-940-5. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  11. ^ Merkel, Broder; Schipek, Mandy (2011). The New Uranium Mining Boom: Challenge and Lessons Learned. Springer. p. 128. ISBN 978-3642221217. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  12. ^ a b Roeder, Philip G. (2007). Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 55, 67. ISBN 978-0-691-13467-3. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  13. ^ Rickleton, Chris (1 February 2023). "In Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan, Trial Over Deadly Unrest Makes A 'Hero' Of Its Intended Villain". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  14. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (PDF). constitution.uz (Unofficial translation). 30 April 2023. p. 13. Retrieved 15 July 2024. The Republic of Karakalpakstan shall have the right to secede from the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of a nation-wide referendum held by the people of Karakalpakstan.
  15. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan". constitution.uz. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  16. ^ "Uzbekistan's new constitution: More for Mirziyoyev, less for Karakalpakstan". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  17. ^ "Жители Узбекистана вышли на митинги после конституционной реформы". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  18. ^ "Uzbekistan scraps plans to curb Karakalpak autonomy after protest". Reuters. 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  19. ^ "Distribution of the permanent population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan" (in Uzbek). Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 25 July 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  20. ^ Birgit Schlyter (2012). "Language Policy and Language Development in Multilingual Uzbekistan". In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 191. ISBN 978-90-04-21765-2.
  21. ^ Karakalpakstan: Uzbekistan's latent conflict Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 6 January 2012
  22. ^ "Uzbekistan: Provinces". Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  23. ^ Pearce, Fred (2007). When the Rivers Run Dry: Water, the Defining Crisis of the Twenty-first Century. Beacon Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8070-8573-8. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  24. ^ "New Takhiatash region formed in Karakalpakstan" (in Russian). 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018.
  25. ^ "About creation of Boʻzatov district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan" (in Uzbek). 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Pressure on Karakalpakstan journalist wrongly accused of spreading false information | RSF". rsf.org. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  28. ^ "Uzbekistan: Arbitrary Summoning And Intimidation Of Women Journalists Over Absurd Claims Is Unacceptable". Coalition For Women in Journalism. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive". ecoi.net. 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
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43°02′N 58°52′E / 43.04°N 58.86°E / 43.04; 58.86

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