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Pacific Station

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 19th century British Royal Navy formation. For other uses, see Pacific station (disambiguation).
See also: Pacific Fleet (disambiguation)

Pacific Station
HMS Ganges at anchor near Victoria Harbour
ActiveSouth America Station (1826–1837)[1]
Pacific Station (1837–1905)[1]
DisbandedSunset 1 March 1905[2]
CountryUnited Kingdom and Canada
Branch Royal Navy
TypeFleet
Part ofAdmiralty
Garrison/HQValparaíso, Chile &
Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard
Notable shipsPresident
EngagementsSiege of Petropavlovsk
Commanders
Notable
commanders		George Seymour,
Fairfax Moresby,
Thomas Maitland

The Pacific Station was created in 1837 as one of the geographical military formations into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. The South America Station was split into the Pacific Station and the South East Coast of America Station.

History

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The capture of USS Essex by Phoebe and Cherub off Valparaíso, 28 March 1814
An 1830 illustration of Valparaíso Bay shows a mix of commercial and military vessels
Unknown Monmouth-class cruiser in Esquimalt Harbour, 1906
Bermuda-based cruisers of the America & West Indies Station, using the Panama Canal, would cruise the eastern Pacific after the First World War

The British Pacific Squadron was established in 1813 to support British interests along the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean at Valparaíso, Chile. In 1837, when the South America station was split, this responsibility was passed to the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific.[1] In 1843, George Paulet, captain of Carysfort, took her out from Valparaíso to Honolulu to demand the islands of the Kingdom of Hawaii for Britain. King Kamehameha III capitulated and signed the islands over to Paulet. In the summer of that year, Rear-Admiral Richard Darton Thomas set out from Valparaíso in Dublin to rein Paulet in. On 31 July 1843, Thomas assured the King that the occupation was over and that there was no British claim over the islands.[3]

In 1842, Pandora was sent north to survey the coast of Vancouver Island and what would become the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard. During the survey trip, the crew of Pandora found that Esquimalt Harbour had a size and depth suited for use as a Royal Navy harbour.[2] As tensions between Britain and America rose during the Oregon boundary dispute a base at the southern end of Vancouver Island would help strengthen the British claim to all of the island. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ceded control over all of the island to Britain. In 1848, Constance was sent to Esquimalt and was the first vessel to be stationed there.[2] In the summer of 1854, several ships, including President, Pique, Trincomalee, Amphitrite, and Virago, set out from Valparaíso and sailed across the Pacific Ocean, stopping at the Marquesas Islands and eventually Honolulu, where they met a French fleet of warships. In late August, the combined fleets sailed to Russia to engage in the Siege of Petropavlovsk, during which Rear Admiral David Price, the Commander-in-Chief, died. Captain Frederick William Erskine Nicolson of Pique was brevetted and took command of the British naval forces from 31 August 1854 until the arrival of the next Commander-in-Chief. In 1855, three "Crimean huts" were built at Esquimalt to serve as a hospital intended to receive wounded from the Crimean War. The huts were the first shore establishment at Esquimalt.[4][5]

The presence of forests full of straight grained conifers such as the Coast Douglas fir meant that Vancouver Island could provide shipbuilding material suitable for spar making in the age of sail. The later discovery of coal on the island and at Vancouver's Coal Harbour, meant that the area could also serve as a useful resource in the age of steam as well. Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert Baynes, aware of the political importance of maintaining British sovereignty amidst the San Juan Boundary Dispute and the British Columbia gold rushes recommended to the Admiralty a move of the station headquarters from Valparaíso to Esquimalt in November 1859.[6]

By 1865, Esquimalt was recognized as the base headquarters of the Pacific Station.[2] The move from Valparaíso to Esquimalt helped the Pacific Station avoid involvement in the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) between Spain, Chile, and Peru. Rear-Admiral de Horsey ordered Shah commanded by Frederick Bedford, against the Nicolás de Piérola-led Huáscar in the Battle of Pacocha on 29 May 1877. In that battle, Shah fired one Whitehead torpedo at Huáscar, but it missed its mark and Huáscar got away.[7][8][9]

A graving dock large enough to accommodate the largest ships in the Pacific fleet was commissioned at Esquimalt in 1887.[2] After a period of relaxing tensions meant that British interests in British Columbia were secured, the Station was maintained to counter Russian ambitions in the Pacific. The Station was also crucial in defending British Columbia from the United States in the Alaska Boundary Dispute, during the contemporaneous 1898 Spanish–American War, when the US threatened to forcibly invade and annex British Columbia if its demands over Alaska were not met.[10]

By the end of the 19th century, improved communications, the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the need to concentrate warships in British waters to counter the developing German High Seas Fleet, meant that the station was closed down at sunset on 1 March 1905.[2] Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard was transferred to the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries. The Pacific Station's responsibilities were divided between the China, Australia and the North America and West Indies Stations (the latter of which would also become responsible for the western South Atlantic, becoming the America and West Indies station after the First World War, with its Bermuda-based cruisers regularly cruising through the Panama Canal and up the western coast of North America to visit Esquimalt and other locations on the Pacific Coast of Canada).[11][12]

After passage of the Naval Service Act in 1910, there was a Canadian Naval Service that controlled the base at Esquimalt and that service became the Royal Canadian Navy in 1911. In the 1960s, the amalgamation of defence services in Canada led to its re-constitution as Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt that includes HMC Dockyard.[13]

Commanders-in-Chief, Pacific

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Most commanders-in-chief of the station held the rank of rear admiral, with the exceptions of Hamond and Hastings who were each promoted to vice admiral before being reassigned to other duties, and Goodrich who was a commodore.

List of Commanders-in-chief, Pacific (1837–1905)[1][14]
Commander in Chief, Pacific From Until Flagship Notes
Rear Admiral Charles Ross[15][16] 4 September 1837 1841 HMS President
Rear Admiral Richard Thomas 5 May 1841 1844 HMS Dublin
Rear Admiral Sir George Seymour 14 May 1844 25 August 1847 HMS Collingwood
Rear Admiral Phipps Hornby 25 August 1847 21 August 1850 HMS Asia
Rear Admiral Fairfax Moresby 21 August 1850 17 August 1853 HMS Portland
Rear Admiral David Price 17 August 1853 30 August 1854 HMS President Died at the Siege of Petropavlovsk
Rear Admiral Henry Bruce 25 November 1854 8 July 1857 HMS Monarch
Rear Admiral Robert Baynes 8 July 1857 5 May 1860 HMS Ganges
Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Maitland 5 May 1860 31 October 1862 HMS Bacchante
Rear Admiral John Kingcome 31 October 1862 10 May 1864 HMS Sutlej Promoted vice-admiral while in appointment on 5 March 1864; after whom Kingcome Inlet is named
Rear Admiral Joseph Denman 10 May 1864 21 November 1866 HMS Sutlej
Rear Admiral George Hastings 21 November 1866 1 November 1869 HMS Zealous Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 10 September 1869
Rear Admiral Arthur Farquhar 1 November 1869 9 July 1872 HMS Zealous
Rear Admiral Charles Hillyar 9 July 1872 6 June 1873 HMS Repulse Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 29 May 1873
Rear Admiral Arthur Cochrane 6 June 1873 15 April 1876 HMS Repulse
Rear Admiral George Hancock 15 April 1876 6 August 1876 HMS Repulse
Rear Admiral Algernon de Horsey 6 August 1876 21 July 1879 HMS Shah
Rear Admiral Frederick Stirling 21 July 1879 10 December 1881 HMS Triumph
Rear Admiral Algernon Lyons 10 December 1881 13 September 1884 HMS Triumph
Rear Admiral John Baird 13 September 1884 4 July 1885 HMS Swiftsure
Rear Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour 4 July 1885 20 September 1887 HMS Triumph
Rear Admiral Algernon Heneage 20 September 1887 4 February 1890 HMS Triumph
HMS Swiftsure		 Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 29 November 1889
Rear Admiral Charles Hotham 4 February 1890 2 March 1893 HMS Warspite
Rear Admiral Henry Stephenson 2 March 1893 5 March 1896 HMS Royal Arthur
Rear Admiral Henry Palliser 5 March 1896 20 March 1899 HMS Imperieuse
Rear Admiral Lewis Beaumont 20 March 1899 15 October 1900 HMS Warspite
Rear Admiral Andrew Bickford 15 October 1900 15 October 1903 HMS Warspite
HMS Grafton
Commodore James Goodrich 15 October 1903 1 March 1905 HMS Grafton
HMS Bonaventure

Legacy

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Arco Británico erected 1910 at Eleuterio Ramirez and Avenue Brasil in Valparaíso commemorates Lord Cochrane, Robert Simpson, and other founders of the Chilean Navy

The largest remnant of the Pacific Station is the CFB Esquimalt naval base in western Canada. Many geographical features of Vancouver Island and British Columbia are named after captains, commanders, and ships assigned to the Pacific Station. The Arco Británico triumphal arch in Valparaíso was constructed to commemorate the British presence in the city, including several Naval commanders.[17] Thomas Square in Honolulu is named after Admiral Richard Darton Thomas. Although Union Flags were flown over Hawaii as early as 1816, the current state flag of Hawaii design dates from the close of the Paulet Affair and features a British Union Flag in its canton to commemorate the help that Thomas rendered the Kingdom of Hawaii.[18]

Charles Darwin's visits to Valparaíso, Cerro La Campana, and the Galápagos Islands led to publication of The Voyage of the Beagle which, along with later works such as On the Origin of Species, helped to establish the field of evolutionary biology.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Davis, Peter. "Principal Royal Navy Commanders-in-Chief 1830-1899". Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "History of CFB Esquimalt and Naden". Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  3. ^ "Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain.—February 1843". British and foreign state papers, Volume 150, Part 1. Great Britain Foreign Office. 1858. pp. 1023–1029. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017.
  4. ^ Nicholson, Lisa. "Admiral Sir Henry William Bruce". Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  5. ^ "Duntze Head". BC Geographical Names.
  6. ^ Gough, Barry M. (2000). "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: BAYNES, Sir ROBERT LAMBERT". University of Toronto. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  7. ^ del Campo, Juan. "AGAINST THE BRITISH SQUAD: THE BATTLE OF PACOCHA: BRITONS AND PERUVIANS FIGHT AT SEA". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  8. ^ Oram, Steve (18 February 2010). "The Battle of Pacocha, 1877". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  9. ^ "Maintaining Naval Supremacy 1815-1914". Royal Navy. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  10. ^ "The Alaska Adjudication". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 1904. pp. 176–181.
  11. ^ "REHABILITATING ESQUIMALT". The Daily Colonist. Canada. 16 July 1919. p. 4. Under the new dispensation of British naval power all over the world, now that the preoccupation in the North Sea is at an end, it was thought that no provision had been made for the North Pacific Ocean, but latest official information shows the Admiralty has no intention of abandoning these waters. The North America and West Indies Squadron is to have a wide area to patrol, comprising the North Atlantic, the West Indies and the North Pacific-from the Galapagos Islands to the Bering Straits. While any of the vessels of this squadron are in the Pacific their headquarters will be at Esquimalt. The squadron is to be composed of four of the most powerful light cruisers afloat, and will be in command of Vice-Admiral Sir Trevelyn Napier, who will have his headquarters at Bermuda. There will also be smaller craft attached to the squadron for police duties.
  12. ^ "CRUISER ON THE COAST: Chatham Passes Through Canal from Bermuda and Is going to San Diego". The Daily Colonist. Canada. 4 December 1920. p. 22. The light cruiser Chatham, of the British North America Squadron, based on Bermuda, has passed through the Panama Canal, and on November 30 left Salina Crus en route from San Diego. It is not yet known here how far up the coast the cruiser will proceed. This is the first occasion on which a ship from the Bermuda station has come through the Canal. The Chatham is a light cruiser of the same size as the Newcastle, which was here during the war, but she is two classes later than that craft, having been built in 1910.
  13. ^ Milner, Marc (2010). Canada's Navy: The First Century (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 241, 243, 249–250, 261. ISBN 978-0-8020-9604-3.
  14. ^ Gough, Barry (2016). Britannia's Navy on the West Coast of America 1812–1914. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth. pp. 319–321. ISBN 978-1-4738-8136-5.
  15. ^ "Canadian Navy: MARPAC - Maritime Forces Pacific - Profiles: RAdm of the White C B H Ross". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  16. ^ Gough, Barry M. (1969). "The Records of the Royal Navy's Pacific Station". The Journal of Pacific History. Vol. 4. pp. 146–153. JSTOR 25167985.
  17. ^ Tatum, Fred. "South American Station 1950-51". Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  18. ^ "What's the Story Behind Hawaii's Flag?". Hawaii Magazine. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  19. ^ Darwin, Charles (1845). Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. (Second ed.). London: John Murray.

Further reading

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