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Albert Cashier

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Albert D. J. Cashier
Cashier in 1864[1]
Birth nameJennie Irene Hodgers
Born(1843-12-25)December 25, 1843[2]
Clogherhead, County Louth, Ireland
DiedOctober 10, 1915(1915-10-10) (aged 71)
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Buried
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1862–1865
RankPrivate
Unit95th Illinois Infantry, Company G
Battles / warsVicksburg, Red River, Guntown
Other workCemetery worker, janitor, lamplighter

Albert D. J. Cashier (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), born Jennie Irene Hodgers, was an Irish-born American soldier who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Cashier adopted the identity of a man before enlisting, and maintained it until death. Cashier became famous as one of at least 250 soldiers who were assigned female at birth and enlisted as men to fight in the Civil War.[3][4] The consistent and nearly lifelong (at least 53 years) commitment to a male identity has prompted some historians to believe that Cashier was a trans man.[5][6][7][8][9]

Early life

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Cashier was very elderly and disoriented (suffering from dementia)[9] when interviewed about immigrating to the United States and enlisting in the army, and had always been evasive about early life; therefore, the available narratives are often contradictory. According to later investigation by the administrator of Cashier's estate, Albert Cashier was born Jennie Hodgers in Clogherhead,[note 1] County Louth, Ireland, on December 25, 1843,[10]: 52 [2] to Sallie and Patrick Hodgers.[2] Typically, the youth's uncle or stepfather was said to have dressed his charge in male clothing in order to find work in an all-male shoe factory in Illinois. Even before the advent of the war, Hodgers adopted the identity of Albert Cashier in order to live independently.[10]: 52  Sallie Hodgers, Cashier's mother, was known to have died prior to 1862, by which time her child had traveled as a stowaway to Belvidere, Illinois, and was working as a farmhand to a man named Avery.[11][12]

Enlistment

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Cashier first enlisted in July 1862 after President Lincoln's call for soldiers.[10]: 52  As time passed, the need for soldiers only increased. On August 6, 1862, the eighteen-year-old enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry for a three-year term using the name "Albert D.J. Cashier" and was assigned to Company G.[13][14][10]: 52  The Company Descriptive Book of the 95th shows the entry for Cashier, a 5'3" soldier, nineteen years old with blue eyes and auburn hair, weighing 110 pounds.[note 2] Cashier easily passed the medical examination because it consisted of showing one's hands and feet. During the Civil War, many soldiers were young boys.[16] Albert could not read or write and instead marked an X on the enlistment papers.[9] Cashier's fellow soldiers recalled that Cashier was reserved and preferred not to share a tent.[16]

Many soldiers from Belvidere participated in the Battle of Shiloh as members of the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers, where the Union had suffered heavy losses. Cashier took the train with others from Belvidere to Rockford in order to enlist, in answer to the call for more soldiers.[15]: 380  Along with others from Boone and McHenry counties, Cashier was trained to be an infantryman of the 95th Regiment at Camp Fuller in Rockford. After being shipped out by steamer and rail to Confederate strongholds in Columbus, Kentucky and Jackson, Tennessee, the 95th was ordered to Grand Junction where the regiment became part of the Army of the Tennessee under General Ulysses S. Grant.[15]: 380–381 

During the war

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The regiment was part of the Army of the Tennessee under Ulysses S. Grant and fought in approximately forty battles,[14] including the Siege of Vicksburg.[15]: 381  During this campaign, Cashier was captured while performing reconnaissance,[10]: 55  but managed to escape and return to the regiment. In June 1863, still during the siege, Cashier contracted chronic diarrhea and entered a military hospital, somehow managing to evade detection.[10]: 55–56 

In the second quarter of 1864, the regiment was also present at the Red River Campaign under General Nathaniel Banks, and in June 1864 at the Battle of Brice's Crossroads in Guntown, Mississippi, where they suffered heavy casualties.[10]: 56–57 [15]: 382–383 

Following a period to recuperate and regroup following the debacle at Brice, the 95th, now a seasoned and battle-hardened regiment, saw additional action in late 1864 through early 1865 in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign, at the battles of Spring Hill and Franklin, the defense of Nashville, and the pursuit of General Hood.[15]: 383 

During the war, the regiment traveled a total of about 9,000 miles.[10]: 52 [note 3] Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which were not uncommon characteristics for soldiers. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war in over 40 battles until honorably discharged on August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were mustered out.[10]: 57 [9]

Postwar

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Cashier's postwar residence, since moved to Saunemin

After the war, Cashier returned to Belvidere, Illinois, for a time, working for Samuel Pepper and continuing to live as a man.[10]: 57 [17] Settling in Saunemin, Illinois, in 1869, Cashier worked as a farmhand as well as performing odd jobs around the town, and can be found in the town payroll records.[10]: 57  Cashier lived with employer Joshua Chesbro and his family in exchange for work, and had also slept for a time in the Cording Hardware store in exchange for labor. In 1885, the Chesbro family had a small house built for Cashier.[18] For over forty years, Cashier lived in Saunemin and was a church janitor, cemetery worker, and street lamplighter. Living as a man allowed Cashier to vote in elections and to later claim a veteran's pension under the same name.[10]: 58  Pension payments started in 1907.[19]

In later years, Cashier ate with the neighboring Lannon family. The Lannons discovered their friend's sex when Cashier fell ill, but decided not to make their discovery public.[10]: 59 

In 1911, Cashier, who was working for State Senator Ira Lish, was hit by the senator's car, resulting in a broken leg.[10]: 59  A physician found out Cashier's secret in the hospital, but did not disclose the information. No longer able to work, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in Quincy, Illinois, on May 5, 1911. Many friends and fellow soldiers from the Ninety-fifth Regiment visited.[10]: 59  Cashier lived there until an obvious deterioration of mind began to take place, and was subsequently moved to the Watertown State Hospital for the Insane in East Moline, Illinois, in March 1914.[10]: 60  Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered Cashier's sex, at which point Cashier was made to wear women's clothes again after presumably more than fifty years of dressing as male.[10]: 60  In 1914, Cashier was investigated for fraud by the veterans' pension board; former comrades confirmed that Cashier was in fact the person who had fought in the Civil War and the board decided in February 1915 that payments should continue for life.[2]

Death and legacy

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Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915, and was buried in uniform. The government supplied the typical small gravestone used to mark a veteran's resting place which was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."[13][20] Cashier was given an official Grand Army of the Republic funerary service, and was buried with full military honors.[10]: 60  It took W. J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to the birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of about $282 (after payment of funeral expenses)[2][19] was deposited in the Adams County, Illinois, treasury. In 1977 local residents erected a larger second headstone, inscribed with both names, on the same plot at Sunny Slope cemetery in Saunemin, Illinois.[20]

Cashier is listed on the internal wall of the Illinois memorial at Vicksburg National Military Park.[10][page needed]

A musical entitled The Civility of Albert Cashier has been produced based on Cashier's life; the work was described by the Chicago Tribune as "A timely musical about a trans soldier".[21] Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel My Last Skirt, by Lynda Durrant, is based on Cashier's life. Cashier was mentioned in a collection of essays called Nine Irish Lives, in which Cashier's biography was written by Jill McDonough.[22]

In Michael Leali's 2022 young adult novel, The Civil War of Amos Abernathy, Cashier stands in for a pen pal.[23]

Cashier's one-room house at the corner of Center and Maple Streets is now a historic site. The house served as a tool shed and nursery for hatchling chickens at one point and was relocated eight times in 137 years.[24] In 1982, members of the local Women's Club moved it back to Saunemin with plans to display it that never fully materialized. After this it was so dilapidated that local firefighters planned to burn it down as a training exercise. Former Pontiac tourism director Betty Estes rescued it in 1996 hours before the firefighters could set it ablaze. She relocated the house to Pontiac, and utilized it as a streets department shed. Later on, volunteers such as local historian and village board member Al Arnolts meticulously restored the house. "We built a new framework and put it back together," Arnolts said. "The shake shingles that are on the roof came from a cedar tree right here in town." The newly restored home was dedicated in a ceremony in August 2011.[25][20]

Authors including Michael Bronski, Jason Cromwell, Kirstin Cronn-Mills, and Nicholas Teich have suggested or argued that Cashier was a trans man due to living as a man for at least 53 years.[5][6][7][8]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This is spelled "Clogher Head" in the Tsui book.[10]: 52 
  2. ^ Sources differ about how tall Cashier was. Some say 5'3"[10]: 54  and others say 5 feet.[15]: 380  In addition, Tsui claims Cashier was blue-eyed, with auburn hair and a fair complexion,: 54  while Clausius says "dark-haired".: 380 
  3. ^ According to the regimental historian, the 95th had traveled 9,960 miles in three years of campaigns.[15]: 384 

References

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  1. ^ "'What Part am I to Act in This Great Drama': Women Soldiers in the American Civil War" (PDF). Salt. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e Blanton, DeAnne; Cook, Lauren M. (2002). They Fought like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0-8071-2806-6.
  3. ^ Righthand, Jess (April 7, 2011). "The Women Who Fought in the Civil War". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  4. ^ Hendrix, Steve (August 25, 2017). "A history lesson for Trump: Transgender soldiers served in the Civil War". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  5. ^ a b Cromwell, Jason (1999). "Transvestite Opportunists, Passing Women, and Female-Bodied Men". Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities. University of Illinois Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-2520-6825-6. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  6. ^ a b Bronski, Michael (2011). "A Democracy of Death and Art". A Queer History of the United States. Beacon Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-8070-4439-1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  7. ^ a b Teich, Nicholas (2012). "The History of Transgenderism and its Evolution Over Time". Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-2311-5712-4.
  8. ^ a b Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2014). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7613-9022-0. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d "Albert Cashier, the woman who fought as a man for the Union. – The Irish Story". Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Tsui, Bonnie (2003). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot (Globe Pequot). ISBN 0-7627-2438-2. OCLC 868531116.
  11. ^ Benck, Amy. "Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?". OutHistory. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  12. ^ McClellan McAndrew, Tara (July 10, 2018). "Illinois Issues: Little Soldier, Big Mystery". Illinois Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via WILL AM.
  13. ^ a b Hicks-Bartlett, Alani (February 1994). "When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home". Illinois History. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006.
  14. ^ a b Blanton, DeAnne (Spring 1993). "Women Soldiers of the Civil War". Prologue Magazine. 25 (1). College Park, Md.: National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Clausius, Gerhard P. (Winter 1958). "The Little Soldier of the 95th: Albert D. J. Cashier". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 51 (4): 380–387. ISSN 2328-3246. JSTOR 40189639.
  16. ^ a b Nelson, Iris (June 17, 2023). "Jennie Hodgers enlists in the Union Army as Albert Cashier". Herald-Whig. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  17. ^ Henneh, Robert D. (January 24, 1915). "Deposition in the Case of Albert D.J. Cashier". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via Blanton (1993).
  18. ^ "Recollections - Albert D. J. Cashier". Saunemin, Illinois. Google Sites. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  19. ^ a b "The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry". eHistory, Ohio State University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  20. ^ a b c "Transgender and Civil War history converge on a day trip to Saunemin, Illinois". Chicago Tribune. December 16, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  21. ^ Jones, Chris (September 7, 2017). "'Civility of Albert Cashier': A timely musical about a trans soldier". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  22. ^ McDonough, Jill (2018). "The Soldier". In Bailey, Mark (ed.). Nine Irish Lives. Algonquin Books. pp. 68–99. ISBN 978-1-6162-0822-6.
  23. ^ Chowder, April (June 1, 2022). "The Civil War of Amos Abernathy". School Library Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  24. ^ "Favorite son a woman". Chicago Tribune. November 12, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  25. ^ "For Love Of Freedom". Saunemin Historical Society. July 2012. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2012.

Further reading

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  • Bradford, Martin J. (2015). A Velvet Fist in an Iron Glove: The Curious Case of Albert Cashier. Kindle Ebooks @ Amazon. Historical/fiction novel account of the life of Jennie Hodgers/Albert Cashier.
  • Durant, Lynda. (2006). My Last Skirt: the Story of Jennie Hodgers, Union Soldier. New York: Clarion Books. ISBN 0-6185-7490-5 Historical fiction account of Jennie Hodgers' life.
  • Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1493-6
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