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Windows Embedded Compact

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Windows CE
DeveloperMicrosoft
Written inC[1]
Source model
Initial releaseNovember 16, 1996; 27 years ago (1996-11-16)
Final release8.0 (Embedded Compact 2013) / October 10, 2023; 12 months ago (2023-10-10)[3][4]
Platformsx86, 32-bit ARM, (SuperH[5] up to 6.0 R2, MIPS and PowerPC were also supported)[6][7][8][9][10][11]
Kernel typeHybrid
LicenseCommercial proprietary software
Succeeded byWindows IoT
Official websitemsdn.microsoft.com/embedded
Support status
Not supported, see § Releases for details.

Windows Embedded Compact,[12] formerly Windows Embedded CE, Windows Powered and Windows CE, is a discontinued operating system developed by Microsoft for mobile and embedded devices. It was part of the Windows Embedded family and served as the foundation of several classes of devices including the Handheld PC, Pocket PC, Auto PC, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7 and others.

Unlike Windows Embedded Standard, Windows For Embedded Systems, Windows Embedded Industry and Windows IoT, which are based on Windows NT, Windows Embedded Compact uses a different hybrid kernel.[13] Microsoft licenses it to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), who can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, with Windows Embedded Compact providing the technical foundation to do so. The final version of Windows Embedded Compact supports x86 and ARM processors with board support package (BSP) directly.[14] The MIPS and SHx architectures had support prior to version 7.0 and version 7.0 still works on MIPS II architecture.

Windows Embedded Compact 2013 is the final version of Windows CE. It had mainstream support until October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023; however, license sales for OEMs will continue until 2028.[15][4][16][17]

Features

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Pocket CMD v 3.0 (cmd.exe) on Windows CE 3.0

Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal memory; a Windows CE kernel may run with one megabyte of memory.[18] Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a "closed" system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. From Version 3 and onward, the system supports 256 priority levels[19] and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.

The first version – known during development under the code name "Pegasus" – featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular apps, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the day. Since then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers.[20] Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile 5, Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003, Portable Media Center, Zune, Windows Phone 7 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast and was the operating system of the Gizmondo handheld.

A distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary only form.

Windows CE 2.11 was the first embedded Windows release to support a console and a Windows CE version of cmd.exe.[21]

History

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Logo of Windows CE, from 1996 to 2000
Logo of Windows CE, from 1996 to 2000

Windows Embedded Compact was formerly known as Windows CE. According to Microsoft, "CE" is not an explicit acronym for anything, although it implies a number of notions that Windows developers had in mind, such as "compact", "connectable", "compatible", "companion" and "efficient".[22][23] The name changed once in 2006, with the release of Windows Embedded CE 6.0, and again in 2011, with the release of Windows Embedded Compact 7.

Windows CE was originally announced by Microsoft at the Computer Dealers' Exhibition (COMDEX) in 1996 and was demonstrated on stage by Bill Gates and John McGill. Microsoft had been testing Pegasus in early 1995 and released a strict reference platform to several hardware partners. The devices had to have the following minimum hardware specifications:

  • SH3, MIPS 3000 or MIPS 4000 CPU
  • Minimum of 4 MB of ROM
  • Minimum of 2 MB of RAM with a backup power source, such as a CR2032 coin cell battery
  • Powered by two AA batteries
  • A physical QWERTY keyboard including Ctrl, Alt, and Shift keys
  • An LCD of 480×240 pixels with four shades of gray and two bits per pixel with touchscreen that could be operated by either stylus or finger
  • An Infrared transceiver
  • Serial port
  • PC Card socket
  • Built-in speaker

Devices of the time mainly had 480×240 pixel displays with the exception of the Hewlett-Packard 'Palmtop PC' which had a 640×240 display. Each window took over the full display. Navigation was done by tapping or double tapping on an item. A contextual menu was also available by the user pressing the ALT key and tapping on the screen. Windows CE 1.0 did not include a cascading Start menu, although Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 did. Microsoft released the Windows CE 1.0 Power Toys that included a cascading menu icon that appeared in the system tray. Also bundled were several other utilities, most notable were a sound applet for the system tray, enabling the user to quickly mute or unmute their device or adjust the volume and a 'pocket' version of Paint.

The release of Windows CE 2.0 was well received. Microsoft learned its lessons from consumer feedback of Windows CE 1.0 and made many improvements to the operating system. The Start menu was a cascading menu, identical to those found on Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0. Color screens were also supported and manufacturers raced to release the first color H/PC. The first to market was Hewlett Packard with the HP 620LX. Windows CE 2.0 also supported a broader range of CPU architectures. Programs could be also installed directly in the OS by double clicking on CAB files. Due to the nature of the ROMs that contained the operating system, users were not able to flash their devices with the newer operating system. Instead manufacturers released upgrade ROMs that users had to physically install in their devices, after removing the previous version. This would usually wipe the data on the device and present the user with the setup wizard upon first boot.

In November 1999, it was reported that Microsoft was planning to rename Windows CE to Windows Powered.[24] The name only appeared in brand in Handheld PC 2000 and a build of Windows 2000 Advanced Server for network-attached storage devices (which bears no relation to Windows CE). Various Windows CE 3.0 products announced at CES 2001 were marketed under a "Windows Powered" umbrella name.[25]

Development tools

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Visual Studio

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Microsoft Visual Studio 2012, 2013, and 2015 support apps and Platform Builder development for Windows Embedded Compact 2013.[26]

Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 and earlier support projects for older releases of Windows CE/Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C#, and Visual Basic (.NET), but not Managed C++. "Managed" apps employing the .NET Compact Framework also require devices with significantly larger memories (8 MB or more) while unmanaged apps can still run successfully on smaller devices. In Visual Studio 2010, the Windows Phone Developer Tools are used as an extension, allowing Windows Phone 7 apps to be designed and tested within Visual Studio.

Free Pascal and Lazarus

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Free Pascal introduced the Windows CE port in Version 2.2.0, targeting ARM and x86 architectures. Later, the Windows CE header files were translated for use with Lazarus, a rapid application development (RAD) software package based on Free Pascal. Windows CE apps are designed and coded in the Lazarus integrated development environment (IDE) and compiled with an appropriate cross compiler.[27]

Platform Builder

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This programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the apps. This is a one stop environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export a software development kit (SDK) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named below.

Others

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The Embedded Microsoft Visual C++ (eVC) – a tool for development of embedded apps for Windows CE. It can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder's Platform Manager connectivity setup.

CeGcc project provides GNU development tools, such as GNU C, GNU C++ and binutils that targeting Windows CE;[28] 2 SDKs are available to choose from – a standard Windows CE platform SDK based on MinGW, and a newlib-based SDK which may be easier for porting programs from POSIX systems.[29]

CodeGear Delphi Prism – runs in Visual Studio, also supports the .NET Compact Framework and thus can be used to develop mobile apps. It employs the Oxygene compiler created by RemObjects Software, which targets .NET, the .NET Compact Framework, and Mono. Its command-line compiler is available free of charge.

Basic4ppc – a programming language similar to Embedded Visual Basic, targets the .NET Compact Framework and supports Windows CE and Windows Mobile devices.

GLBasic – a very easy to learn and use BASIC dialect that compiles for many platforms, including Windows CE and Windows Mobile. It can be extended by writing inline C/C++ code.

LabVIEW – a graphical programming language, supporting many platforms, including Windows CE.

MortScript – is the semi-standard, extremely lightweight, automation SDK popular with the GPS enthusiasts. Uses the scripts written in its own language, with the syntax being aside to VBScript or JScript.

AutoHotkey – a port of the open source macro-creation and automation software utility available for Windows CE. It allows the construction of macros and simple GUI apps developed by systems analyst Jonathan Maxian Timkang.[30]

Relationship to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and Smartphone

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Timeline of Windows CE development

Often Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably, in part due to their common origin. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (e.g. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are separate (bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Apps such as Excel Mobile (formerly Pocket Excel) are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older apps are included as samples, however.

Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), Smartphone (Windows Mobile Standard), and Pocket PC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform uses different components of Windows CE, plus supplemental features and apps suited for their respective devices.

Pocket PC and Windows Mobile are Microsoft-defined custom platforms for general PDA use, consisting of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the touchscreen as the primary human interface device and its extremely portable size.

CE 3.0 is the basis for Pocket PC 2000 and Pocket PC 2002. A successor to CE 3.0 is CE.net.[31] "PocketPC [is] a separate layer of code on top of the core Windows CE OS… Pocket PC is based on Windows CE, but it's a different offering." And licensees of Pocket PC are forbidden to modify the WinCE part.[32]

The Smartphone platform is a feature-rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, and multimedia abilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger display.

Releases

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Version Changes
1.0 Released November 16, 1996.[33] Codename "Pegasus" and "Alder".[34]
  • Devices named "handheld PC" (H/PC)[31]
  • 4 MB ROM minimum
  • 2 MB RAM minimum

1.01 version (1.0a) – added Japanese language support. Unsupported as of December 31, 2001.

2.0 Released September 29, 1997.[35] Codenamed "Birch".[34]
  • Devices named "Palm-size PC" (PsPC)[31]
  • Real-time deterministic task scheduling
  • Architectures: ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, StrongARM, SuperH and x86
  • 32-bit color screens
  • SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0

2.11 version (Palm-Size PC 1.1) – changed screen resolution to QVGA, added handwriting recognition. 2.11 version (Palm-Size PC 1.2) – based on Windows CE H/PC 2.11 kernel, removed Pocket Office. HandeldPC 2.11 version (HandheldPC Professional) – added small versions of Microsoft Access, improved Microsoft Office documents formats support. Unsupported as of September 30, 2002 for Windows CE 2.11. Mainstream Support ended on September 30, 2003, and Extended Support ended on September 30, 2005, for Windows CE 2.12.

3.0 Released June 15, 2000.[36] Codenamed "Cedar"[34] and "Galileo".
  • Major recode that made CE hard real time down to the microsecond level
  • Base for the Pocket PC 2000, Handheld PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002 and Smartphone 2002[31]
  • Priority levels were increased from 8 to 256[31]
  • Object store was increased from 65,536 to 4.19 million allowed objects[31]
  • Restricted access to critical APIs or restricting write access to parts of the registry[31]

Mainstream Support ended on September 30, 2005, and Extended Support ended on October 9, 2007.

4.x Released January 7, 2002.[37] Codenamed "Talisker/Jameson/McKendric".[34]

Mainstream Support ended on July 10, 2007, and Extended Support ended on July 10, 2012, for Windows CE 4.0, Mainstream Support ended on January 8, 2008, and Extended Support ended on January 8, 2013, for Windows CE 4.1 and Mainstream Support ended on July 8, 2008, and Extended Support ended on July 9, 2013, for Windows CE 4.2.

5.x Released in August 2004.[34] Adds many new features. Codenamed "Macallan"[34]
  • Added automatic reporting for manufacturers[39]
  • Direct3D Mobile, a COM-based version of Windows XP's DirectX multimedia API[39]
  • DirectDraw for 2D graphics and DirectShow for camera and video digitisation support[39]
  • Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) support[40]
  • The "Pro" version contains the Internet Explorer browser and Windows Media Player 9

Mainstream Support ended on October 13, 2009 and Extended Support ended on October 14, 2014.

6.0 Released in September 2006. Codenamed "Yamazaki".[34]
  • Process address space is increased from 32 MB to 2 GB;[41] each process now has its own virtual memory map (all processes shared a VM map in CE 5.0)[42]
  • Number of processes has been increased from 32 to 32,768[43]
  • User mode and kernel mode device drivers are possible
  • 512 MB physically managed memory
  • Device.exe, filesys.exe, GWES.exe have been moved to Kernel mode
  • Cellcore
  • SetKMode and set process permissions no longer possible
  • System call performance improved[44]
  • the platform builder requires Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 with Service Pack 1 installed.

Mainstream Support ended on April 9, 2013, and Extended Support ended on April 10, 2018.

7.0 Released in March 2011.
  • Support for x86, SH (automotive only) and ARM.
  • Multi-core CPU support (SMP).
  • Wi-Fi Positioning System.
  • Bluetooth 3.0 + HS support.
  • Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA).
  • DRM technology.
  • Media Transfer Protocol.
  • Windows Phone 7 IE with Flash 10.1 support.
  • NDIS 6.1 support.
  • UX C++ XAML API using technologies like Windows Presentation Foundation and Silverlight for attractive and functional user interfaces.
  • Modernized graphics based on OpenGL ES 2.0.
  • Advanced touch and gesture input.
  • Kernel support for 3 GB physical RAM and supports ARMv7 assembly.
  • the platform builder requires Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 with Service Pack 1 installed.

Mainstream Support ended on April 12, 2016, and Extended Support ended on April 13, 2021.

8.0
(2013)		 Released in June 2013
  • DHCPv6 client with stateful/stateless address configuration.[45]
  • L2TP/IPsec over IPv6 for VPN connectivity.[45]
  • Snapshot boot.[45]
  • Improved XAML data binding and Expression Blend support.[45]
  • OOM Model improvements from 7.[45]
  • HTML help viewer added.[45]
  • The previously default desktop shell has been eliminated.
  • the platform builder requires Microsoft Visual Studio 2012, 2013 or 2015 installed.

Mainstream Support ended on October 9, 2018, and Extended Support ended on October 10, 2023.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Special Report: Windows CE 6 arrives with 100% kernel source". windowsfordevices.com. November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  2. ^ "Microsoft opens full Windows CE kernel source". Linux Devices. November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009.
  3. ^ "Microsoft announces general availability of Windows Embedded Compact 2013". Microsoft News Center. Microsoft. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Windows CE Migration FAQ". Microsoft. September 15, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021.
  5. ^ "Windows CE overview". Archived from the original on May 28, 2010.
  6. ^ "Windows Embedded CE". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  7. ^ "Windows CE Version 2.0 Supported Processors". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 14, 2000.
  8. ^ "Windows CE Version 2.1 Supported Processors". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 14, 2000.
  9. ^ "Windows CE Version 2.11 Supported Processors". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 14, 2000.
  10. ^ "Windows CE Version 2.12 Supported Processors". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 14, 2000.
  11. ^ "Windows CE Version 3.0 Supported Processors". Microsoft. Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 19, 2000.
  12. ^ "Windows Embedded Homepage". Microsoft.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  13. ^ "How does Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Start?". Windows CE Base Team Blog. Microsoft. December 18, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  14. ^ "Board Support Package (Compact 2013)". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  15. ^ "Product Lifecycles & Support for Windows Embedded Products". Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015.
  16. ^ Purdy, Kevin (October 30, 2023). "Windows CE, Microsoft's stunted middle child, reaches end of support at 26 years". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  17. ^ Proven, Liam (October 30, 2023). "Windows CE reaches end of life, if not end of sales". The Register. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  18. ^ "Create or Modify a BSP (Compact 2013)". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  19. ^ "Priority Levels". Msdn.microsoft.com. April 8, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  20. ^ "Embedded Platform | Integrated Development Environment (IDE) | Windows CE". Microsoft.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  21. ^ Douglas McConnaughey Boling (2001). Programming Microsoft Windows CE (2nd ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0735614437.
  22. ^ "The Meaning of "CE" in Windows CE launch date". support.microsoft.com. February 14, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  23. ^ "Microsoft renames Windows CE, sets CE 6.0 launch date". windowsfordevices.com. September 22, 2006. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  24. ^ "CNET: Windows CE to become 'Windows powered'". December 1999.
  25. ^ "IT Pro". Archived from the original on April 19, 2005.
  26. ^ "What's New (Compact 2013)". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  27. ^ WinCE port Archived January 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine - Lazarus wiki
  28. ^ "The CeGCC project: cross compile for Windows CE". Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  29. ^ "Choosing in which environment to develop". CeGcc. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  30. ^ Autohotkey build for CE devices
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pöhls, Henrich C. (September 5, 2003), "Risk Analysis of Mobile Devices with Special Concern of Malware Contamination" (PDF), Diploma Thesis, University of Hamburg, p. 27, retrieved October 24, 2009
  32. ^ Smith, Tony (April 16, 2003). "Why Pocket PC isn't WinCE". The Register. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  33. ^ "Microsoft Announces Broad Availability of Handheld PCs With Windows CE". Microsoft News Center. November 18, 1996. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Hall, Mike (September 19, 2006). "Windows Embedded Blog: CE 6.0 - why the codename "Yamazaki" ?". MSDN Blogs. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  35. ^ "Microsoft Announces Release of Windows CE 2.0". Microsoft News Center. September 29, 1997. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  36. ^ "Microsoft Announces Availability of Windows CE 3.0". Microsoft News Center. June 15, 2000. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  37. ^ "Microsoft Launches Windows CE .NET". Microsoft News Center. January 7, 2002. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  38. ^ Walker, Geoff (January 7, 2002). "Windows CE .Net: Microsoft's successor to Windows CE 3.0". Pen Computing Magazine. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  39. ^ a b c Smith, Tony (March 29, 2004). "MS readies WinCE 5.0 preview". The Register. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  40. ^ "The History of the PDA". Archived from the original (DOC) on March 22, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2009. 090517 seditaville.com
  41. ^ "Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Advanced Memory Management". October 10, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2011
  42. ^ https://courses.washington.edu/cp105/_downloads/Windows_CE_Architecture.pdf; identical to https://download.microsoft.com/documents/australia/medc2006/windows_ce6_architecture_boling.ppt
  43. ^ Leckie, Andrew (March 25, 2008). "Introduction to Microsoft embedded technologies - Session 1". New Zealand: Embedded .NET User Group. Archived from the original (PPT, 10 MB) on July 24, 2011.
  44. ^ Babu, K. Ashok (November 22, 2006). "Differences between Windows CE 5.0 and Windows CE 6.0". WindowsForDevices.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  45. ^ a b c d e f "What's New (Compact 2013)". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
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