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1997 Jarrell tornado

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"Dead man walking tornado" redirects here. For other tornadoes informally called this, see Dead Man Walking (disambiguation) § Tornadoes.
1997 Jarrell tornado
Counterclockwise from top: The tornado at F5 intensity before striking the Double Creek Estates, the radar scan showing the tornado, an aerial view of the tornado track at Double Creek Estates and a mangled car in Jarrell.
Meteorological history
FormedMay 27, 1997, 3:40 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 27, 1997, 3:53 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration13 minutes
F5 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Highest winds>261 mph (420 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities27
Injuries12
Damage$40.1 million (1997 USD)
Areas affectedJarrell, Texas and areas near Prairie Dell, Texas
Part of the 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak and tornadoes of 1997

The 1997 Jarrell tornado was a devastating multi-vortex tornado that struck the community of Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people and injuring a further 12, on May 27, 1997. The tornado inflicted a total of $40.1 million (1997 USD) in damages to the area and was the subject of multiple well-known photographs, earning the tornado the nickname of the "Dead Man Walking".

The tornado stalled over the Double Creek Estates housing subdivision for approximately 3 minutes at high-end F5 strength, causing arguably some of the most severe tornado damage ever recorded. NIST Studies on the tornado have been conducted in the years and decades after the event.

As of 2024, this tornado is Texas' most recent F5 or EF5 tornado. The tornado was the fourth-deadliest of the 1990s in the United States, only being surpassed by the 1990 Plainfield tornado that killed 29, the 1998 Birmingham tornado that killed 32, and the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado that killed 36. It was the only F5 tornado of 1997, and the next F5-rated tornado would occur on April 8 of the following year.

Meteorological synopsis

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Main article: 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak

On the morning of May 27, 1997, an upper-level low-pressure area located over portions of South Dakota and Nebraska lifted north, causing a weak, mid-level flow across Texas as a result. While this occurred, a cold front extended southwest of a surface-based low-pressure area from Fayetteville, Arkansas to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex to the Permian Basin, which also included two decaying outflow boundaries northeast of the DFW metroplex. A gravity wave was also noted from the cold front near Waco, Texas and southward, which would promote initiation of supercells, including the one which produced the Jarrell tornado.[1] The latter two factors were caused by an overnight mesoscale convective system which had dissipated before the mesoscale setup of the Jarrell tornado.[2]

An upper-air balloon sounding was conducted by the National Weather Service in Fort Worth while the cold front passed directly over the DFW metroplex, which showed favorable mid-level lapse rates, a dewpoint temperature of 73 °F (23 °C) on the surface, and some wind shear, though not towards the surface, which suggested non-tornadic supercell activity. However, a sounding launched from Calvert, Texas a few hours later revealed surface-based convective available potential energy (CAPE) values above 6500 j/kg, up from 3000 j/kg shown by the sounding previously launched over the DFW metroplex.[1] This, along with extremely high CAPE values shown near the surface from a sounding over Waco at 12:00 CDT (17:00 UTC), likely caused vorticity near and along the cold front and the production of the Jarrell tornado.[1]

The radar scan for Central Texas on May 27.

The supercell that produced the Jarrell tornado first developed in McLennan County before noon, initially moving slowly southwestward in the unstable airmass.[1] Shortly thereafter, a tornado watch was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for eastern Texas and western Louisiana. As the thunderstorm cell moved parallel to Interstate 35, it rapidly intensified and prompted the issuance of a severe thunderstorm warning for portions of McLennan County at 12:50 CDT (17:50 UTC), later being upgraded to a tornado warning as the supercell then began to rapidly exhibit lower-levels of rotation.[1] This would result in multiple tornadoes being produced before the Jarrell tornado occurred; most notably an F3 tornado which caused severe damage in portions of Falls County near Bruceville-Eddy and Lake Belton.[1] Another tornado, rated an F0, touched down near Stillhouse Dam and was incorrectly claimed as the Jarrell tornado due to its close proximity from the F5 tornado's path. This tornado was also subject of a famous image.[3]

Shortly thereafter, the supercell began to move slightly westward towards Jarrell and Salado, while continuing to show signs of rapid, low-level rotation. This would result in another tornado warning being issued by the National Weather Service in Austin/San Antonio for Williamson County, including Jarrell, at 15:30 CDT (22:30 UTC), in response to the storm's approach to the town. The warning was in effect for a duration of one hour, and local warning sirens in the town went off an estimated 10–12 minutes before the impact.[1][4][5] Multiple short-lived, small, and rope-like funnel clouds preceded the Jarrell tornado; and despite being theorized and commonly accepted as being separate tornadoes, there is a possibility that these were part of it.[3] Additionally, some reports stated an F1 tornado near Prairie Dell as an earlier continuation of this tornado.[3]

Tornado summary

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Formation and track towards Jarrell

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The tornado officially touched down within the Williamson County line 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Jarrell as a faint, rope-shaped funnel wrapped in large amounts of dust at 3:40 pm CDT (20:40 UTC). The tornado began to undergo a rapid intensification as it took on a multi-vortex shape.[6][3] Traffic along Interstate 35 came to a stop as the tornado descended nearby.[7] The Texas Highway Patrol also stopped traffic on both sides of the interstate under the expectation that the tornado would cross the highway; it instead moved parallel to Interstate 35, however.[8]

Tracking south-southwest, the tornado quickly intensified and grew in width.[1] The exact size of the tornado was difficult to determine during this portion of the tornado's life. It's intense winds scoured the ground, vegetation, and stripped pavement from three county roads; the thickness of the asphalt pavement was an estimated 3 inches (7.6 cm).[9][10] A culvert plant near the intersection of two county roads collapsed. Nearby, a similar plant and a mobile home sustained some damage, with the latter struck by a 2×4'' piece of lumber.[3] Some of the most extreme damage nearby was inflicted to a small metal-framed recycling plant that was directly hit and destroyed, with only several twisted and bent metal beams remaining.[6] Multiple people were sheltering in a mobile home far south of the recycling plant, but later decided to evacuate to a frame house to take cover. The frame house was directly hit by the tornado moments later, killing everyone inside, while the mobile home only sustained minor damage.[11]

Impact at Double Creek Estates

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The tornado turned slightly, entering the Double Creek Estates at F5 intensity.[6] It grew to its maximum width, estimated to be 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km). Post-event surveys and eyewitness accounts suggested that the tornado began to slow its pace, contributing to the extremely violent damage observed there.[1][12] The tornado immediately began to destroy structures and homes as it hit multiple smaller streets at the northeastern edge of the Estates. The exact time of this is unknown, but timekeeping devices from remaining debris and synced videos had the tornado's starting impact at most likely 3:48 pm.[9][6]

The entire Double Creek Estates was subjected to extreme winds for three minutes due to the "stalling" pattern of the tornado, which likely exacerbated the damage. Multiple well-built homes on Double Creek Drive were completely swept away and clean slabs[note 1] were left with a lack of any large debris.[3][13] Foundations in the direct path of the tornado had all of their plumbing and sill plates ripped away, with some of the foundations partially scoured as well.[14] There were 38 structures in Double Creek Estates that were destroyed; three businesses adjacent to the neighborhood were also completely demolished.[13][15] Grassy fields in this area also sustained extreme ground scouring of up to 18 inches (46 cm).[3] As a result of this, the path was heavily studied due to its visibility and ground scarring.[3][13] In total, the tornado dealt $10–20 million (1997 USD) in damage to Double Creek Estates.[15]

Weakening and dissipation

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After exiting the Double Creek Estates area, the tornado then crossed over a county road while paralleling Spears Ranch Road.[16] After continuing into a cedar tree forest, it began to rapidly weaken, crossing over Appaloosa Cove Road before dissipating.[3] The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) concluded that it had lifted at 3:53 pm, remaining on the ground for 13 minutes and traversing 5.1 miles (8.2 km).[3][6]

Impact and casualties

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A memorial for the victims of the tornado, and another tornado that hit Jarrell in 1989.

The tornado overall caused widespread damage to structures, and destroyed an estimated 40 family residences.[17] Of these estimated 40 homes, multiple were completely swept off their foundations as a result of the wind.[18] Many of the structures that were swept away were located in the double Creek Estates. The damage from the tornado was classified as F5 severity throughout most of the tornado's path.[19] Approximately $40 million in damage was inflicted upon property with another $100,000 (1997 USD) inflicted upon crops.[15] Additionally, the tornado picked up cars and were mangled beyond recognition or torn apart, and at least six recognizable cars were found over 300 yards (270 m) away, despite being crushed and mud-covered. Many were never recovered, and are presumed to have been "ground up" inside the debris ball. All trees in the subdivision were completely debarked, with one small tree documented to have had an electrical cord pierced through its trunk.[13]

Out of the 131 residents who lived in or near Double Creek Estates, 27 were killed.[20] The remains of these people were found at over 30 locations, and the majority of the deaths were reported in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report as being caused by bodily and head trauma and one fatality was reported to have been caused by asphyxia. Bodily remains were later found at 30 locations, and the physical trauma inflicted on some of the tornado victims was so extreme that first responders reportedly had difficulty distinguishing human remains from the remains of animals at the sites, as the remains were reportedly "ground up" in the winds of the tornado.[21][11] The sheer strength and intensity of the tornado, as it was in Jarrell, gave the people in its direct path little time to get to safety. Most of the homes that were located in Double Creek Estates at the time were constructed on a slab foundation and lacked of a basement. Up to nineteen people had sought refuge in a single storm cellar.[22] Many residents of the Double Creek Estates had followed the recommended safety procedures, but were still killed because of the strength of the tornado.[23] Some people had chosen to evacuate ahead of the tornado, which may have saved lives. Despite the near-complete destruction of houses on the edge of the tornado, some walls were left standing, protecting several residents.[24] One survivor holed up in a bathtub and was flung several hundred feet from her house onto a road.[23][13]

Three entire families were killed in the Double Creek Estates area: the Igo family (five members), the Smith family (three members) and the Moehring family (four members).[25] An additional thirteen people were reportedly transported to a hospital after the event, including one who later died there. Most of the wounded had abrasions and lacerations due to debris from the tornado.[15] Nine families in Jarrell had more than one member die in the tornado, and the youngest victim was five years old.[15]

Around 300 cattle grazing in a nearby pasture were killed and some were found 0.25 miles (400 m) away. Hundreds of these bodies, including domesticated animals were found dismembered, lacking limbs, decapitated or skinned.[3][15][10]

Aftermath

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The area around Double Creek Estates in the aftermath of the tornado.

Within minutes after the tornado's impact, emergency management, police, and other volunteers began search-and-rescue operations in Jarrell. Numerous different agencies assisted in the search-and-rescue process, including the Texas Department of Public Safety Police, Texas National Guard, and other smaller agencies. Relief operations, which covered 211 homes and persons damaged or wounded in the tornado, cost an estimated $250,000 (1997 USD); community donations covered at least $200,000 (1997 USD) of the expenses.[26] The tornado knocked out power in Jarrell, effectively stunting communications between emergency services and residents. Cell phones were not functional, and families of affected residents became increasingly concerned due to an inability to communicate.[27] During the emergency response to the affected areas, emergency services almost drove past Double Creek Estates, unaware that houses had stood there. The Double Creek Estates subdivision quickly became the focal point of search-and-rescue and recovery efforts, which were aided by civilians and volunteer workers.[27]

Support came in from all over the country, and millions of dollars were donated to aid Jarrell. Texas Governor George W. Bush visited Jarrell days after the tornado and stated that the "damage was mind-boggling."[28] The Jarrell Volunteer Fire Department organized a temporary morgue. Although a death toll of 30 people was initially reported, that figure was later revised to a final tally of 27.[26] A memorial park, which includes twenty-seven trees to commemorate the victims, was built in the Double Creek Estates area. Many impacted people in Double Creek Estates remained in the general area amid recovery efforts stemming from the tornado.[29]

Then-governor of Texas George W. Bush[28] declared Williamson County a disaster area, later stating during a visit to Jarrell on May 28 that it was "the worst tornado I've ever seen".[30] U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison also visited Jarrell and Cedar Park. Bush later requested federal aid for Williamson and Bell counties with support from Hutchinson.[30] The Federal Emergency Management Agency elected not to provide federal aid, citing the contributions from private and state sources. Instead, the Small Business Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture made available loans for the rebuilding of homes, farms, and ranches.[30]

Between May 29 and June 1, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research carried out aerial and ground surveys of the tornadic damage in Texas in coordination with the Texas Wing Civil Air Patrol.[31]

In the six days following the event, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research conducted multiple surveys from the air and on the ground to survey the track of the tornado and the damage caused by it. The Texas branch of the Civil Air Patrol also helped, and in the end the tornado garnered an F5 rating, which was challenged by the NIST.[6]

Documentation

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The tornado was heavily documented during its lifetime, making it a focal point of research for the NWS and other weather agencies. Multiple videos exist of the tornado, showing the fast rotation and heavy debris cloud that engulfed the tornado during its maximum strength.

"Dead Man Walking" photograph

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The Jarrell tornado was the subject of a well-known photograph, now known as the "Dead Man Walking".[32] Scott Beckwith took the famous photograph, which became known for it's resemblance to the grim reaper, a figure that commonly represents death in several cultures.[33]

The image consists of the tornado, shrouded in debris, with the main vortex and an adjacent subvortex making "leg" shapes near the bottom of the tornado, giving it the appearance of a giant silhouette walking across the ground. A third subvortex separate from the main funnel is also seen.[33] The image, which is just one in a sequence of 8 photographs taken as the tornado grew in size, has been widely called an example of pareidolia.[33] The photo has received international attention and the Jarrell tornado has popularized the "Dead Man Walking" nickname for similar multi-vortex tornadoes with "legs".[32]

Case studies

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Multiple in-depth case studies have been conducted on the tornado since May 1997, including studies by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and American Meteorological Society.[14][34]

American Meteorological Society (AMS)

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The American Meteorological Society (AMS) conducted a case study on the event.[34] It discussed the meteorological conditions that caused the event and the significance of the Jarrell tornado.[34]

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

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A poorly-built home in Jarrell that was swept off its foundation. The NIST noted that the structural integrity of buildings was not taken into consideration when rating the tornado.

A case study and critique was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which covered the structural damage caused by the tornado and the track that it left. The NIST also published a detailed critique of the Fujita Scale as a direct result of the Jarrell tornado, which was at the time rated an F5.[14] The critique stated that:

"We ascribe the NWS rating to the failure of the Fujita tornado intensity scale to account explicitly for the dependence of wind speeds causing specified types of damage or destruction upon the following two structural engineering factors: (1) quality of construction, defined as degree of conformity to applicable standards requirements, and (2) the basic design wind speed at the geographical location of interest."[14]

The NIST had claimed that the Fujita scale failed to account for critical pointers in the assessment of the Jarrell tornado. The case study concluded that some of the homes at Double Creek Estates did have small structural integrity issues, which includes factors such as a lack of sufficient anchor bolts and steel straps in the house foundations. After the critique was published, the rating was kept as an F5.[6]

University of Wisconsin-Madison

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The University of Wisconsin-Madison also published a case study on the event, authored by Andrew Mankowski, which detailed the weather conditions that caused the tornado to form and how it became as violent as it was.[35] The study said that:

"From a synoptic view the main feature was a cold front pushing its way south into Texas. Frontogenesis helped aid in forcing some of the upward vertical motions. From the Gulf of Mexico came a southerly low-level jet bringing warm moist air. This warm moist air from the LLJ helped destabilize the air. The air was already highly unstable with CAPE values reaching 6,000 J/kg."[35]

According to Mankowski, the CAPE values in the atmosphere at the time were extremely unstable, contributing to directional shear which formed the supercells. This caused the violent rotation that eventually produced the Jarrell tornado, and the subsequent strength of the tornado.[35]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is a U.S. government-affiliated disease control group, produced a study on the casualties of the tornado, which included in-depth explanations of the injuries sustained to the bodies of victims, lengths of hospital stays, among other things.[36] The study and survey concluded that:

"A total of 33 persons presented to six area hospitals for treatment of injuries sustained directly or indirectly by the three tornadoes. Of these 33 persons, 13 (39%) had multiple diagnoses. The categories of injuries included lacerations (18 {55%}), contusions (15 {46%}), abrasions (10 {30%}), strains/sprains/muscle spasms (six {18%}), fractures (two {6%}), penetrating wound (one {3%}), and closed-head injury (one {3%}). The median age of the injured persons was 38 years (range: 1–75 years)."[36]

The case study had also noted the lack of shelters causing multiple of the deaths, and recommended that more storm shelters be installed in Jarrell. Had shelters been implemented before the tornado, many more lives may have been potentially saved, and the tornado showed the importance of storm shelters.[36]

Other studies

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Many other groups and organizations did small case studies and surveys in the wake of the tornado, which include the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)[37] and the Regional and Mesocale Meteorology Branch (RaMMB).[38] A small case study by the NOAA had concluded that the Emergency Alert System (EAS) was not activated in a timely manner to warn about the tornado.[15] Many warning systems had also failed, and the study recommended that emergency alerts and tornado warnings be issued earlier.[15]

See also

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Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Slabs" refer to the concrete or brick foundations that homes lay atop, a building feature common in the United States.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Tornadoes of May 27, 1997". National Weather Service Fort Worth, Texas. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  2. ^ Corfidi, Stephen F. (July 1998). Some Thoughts On the Role Mesoscale Features Played in the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak. 19th Severe Local Storms Conference. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  4. ^ Henderson et al. (1998), p. A9.
  5. ^ Henderson et al. (1998), p. 1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  7. ^ Harmon, Dave (May 28, 1997). "'Like a war zone'". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A12. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "Tornadoes kill 30 in Central Texas". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. Associated Press. May 28, 1997. p. 1A. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Barricklow, Samuel D. (January 13, 2007). "Damage from the May 27, 1997 Jarrell, Texas Tornado". Jarrell, Texas Tornado Damage—May 27, 1997. Dallas County, Texas: K5KJ.net. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Stormtrack Magazine: Jarrell, Texas Tornado Expanded Edition" (PDF). Stormtrack. 21 (1). 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  12. ^ Verhovek, Sam Howe (May 29, 1997). "Little Is Left in Wake of Savage Tornado". The New York Times. New York. p. A1. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Tornado Archive Data Explorer – Tornado Archive". tornadoarchive.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d Phan, Long T.; Simiu, Emil (July 1, 1998). "Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale: A Critique Based on Observations of the Jarrell Tornado of May 27, 1997 (NIST TN 1426)". NIST. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h "Storm Data". Storm Data. 39 (5). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. May 1997. ISSN 0039-1972. Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  16. ^ TX, NWS Austin/San Antonio, TX and NWS Fort Worth/Dallas (May 19, 2022). "May 27, 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Tornado Jarrell Texas 1997". NIST. May 27, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  18. ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "A list of the top 10 worst tornadoes in Texas history". www.weather.gov. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  19. ^ Osborn, Claire; Easterly, Greg; Ward, Pamela (May 28, 1997). "Nearly destroyed in '89, Jarrell is slammed again". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A10. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Osborn, Claire; Easterly, Greg; Ward, Pamela (May 28, 1997). "Nearly destroyed in '89, Jarrell is slammed again". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A10. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Rucker, Hanna (May 25, 2022). "Three families killed in the 1997 Jarrell tornado are buried together in Georgetown". kvue.com. KVUE. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  22. ^ Beach, Patrick (May 29, 1997). "Jarrell's toll 27; 23 still missing". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A21. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Beach, Patrick (June 1, 1997). "Their roots held". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. pp. A1, A20–A21. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Storm Data". Storm Data. 39 (5). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. May 1997. ISSN 0039-1972. Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  25. ^ Rucker, Hanna (May 25, 2022). "Three families killed in the 1997 Jarrell tornado are buried together in Georgetown". kvue.com. KVUE. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  26. ^ a b "Article clipped from Austin American-Statesman". Austin American-Statesman. May 29, 1997. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  27. ^ a b "First responders reflect on recovery efforts during 1997 Jarrell tornado". kvue.com. May 24, 2022. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  28. ^ a b "After an F-5 tornado hit Jarrell in 1997, then-Gov. George W. Bush visited to survey the damage". kvue.com. May 24, 2022. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  29. ^ Henrikson, Eric; Yeomans, David; Currie, Kristen; Bannin, Nick; Kelly, Sean; Spencer, Jim (May 23, 2022). "'Hold on tight': 25 years since the Jarrell, TX tornado outbreak". KXAN-TV. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  30. ^ a b c "'Hold on tight': 25 years since the Jarrell, TX tornado outbreak". KXAN Austin. May 23, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  31. ^ "The Central Texas Tornadoes of May 27, 1997" (PDF). National Weather Service. April 1998. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  32. ^ a b Patterson, Kaley (April 15, 2024). "Ever Heard of the 'Dead Man Walking' Tornado?". KLAW. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  33. ^ a b c "The TIME Vault: June 9, 1997". TIME.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  34. ^ a b c Houston, Adam L.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (March 1, 2007). "Observational Analysis of the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornadic Event. Part II: Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 135 (3): 727–735. Bibcode:2007MWRv..135..727H. doi:10.1175/MWR3301.1. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  35. ^ a b c Andrew, Mankowski. "University of Wisconsin Case Study Jarrell 1997" (PDF). The Jarrell Tornado of May 27, 1997. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  36. ^ a b c "Tornado Disaster – Texas, May 1997". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  37. ^ Houston, Adam L.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (March 1, 2007). "Observational Analysis of the 27 May 1997 Central Texas Tornadic Event. Part II: Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 135 (3): 727–735. Bibcode:2007MWRv..135..727H. doi:10.1175/MWR3301.1. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  38. ^ "RaMMB2". Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.

Sources

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Further reading

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